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Anthrax in Indonesia: A One Health approach to zoonotic threats and integrated prevention strategies

https://doi.org/10.21323/2414-438X-2025-10-3-211-225

Abstract

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis and remains a significant threat in Indonesia. The disease has a substantial impact on public health, livestock productivity, and economic stability, particularly in areas with traditional farming practices and limited animal health surveillance systems. This study aims to analyze the epidemiology of anthrax in Indonesia using the One Health approach, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health aspects. Data were collected from official government documents, such as the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, as well as scientific literature obtained from reputable databases. The results indicated that approximately 76 % of Indonesia is categorized as suspect areas for anthrax, while 14 % are infected areas, with the highest prevalence in Java, Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi. The primary risk factors include the consumption of non-veterinary inspected animal meat, unhygienic handling of carcasses, and the persistence of B. anthracis spores in the environment. Recommended control strategies include periodic livestock vaccination, conducting active surveillance, increasing public awareness, and enhancing the diagnostic laboratory's capacity. The One Health approach has proven effective in reducing the risk of cross-species transmission and improving responses to outbreaks. This study advocates for strengthening the integrated surveillance system, increasing synergy between sectors, and further research on the impact of climate change on zoonotic disease dynamics. With an integrated and collaborative strategy, Indonesia has a significant opportunity to control anthrax sustainably and enhance the resilience of public and animal health.

About the Authors

M. ‘A. Kurniawan
Universitas Airlangga; Zoonotic Pathogens and Global Health Research Group, Virtual Research Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (VRCBB)
Indonesia

Muhammad ‘Ahdi Kurniawan, Master of Science, Researcher, Master Program of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia

 



B. Triadi
Universitas Airlangga
Indonesia

Baswendra Triadi, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Researcher, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia



S. Damayanti
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Indonesia

Salsabila Damayanti, Master of Sociology, Researcher, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia



S. N. Azizah
Universitas Airlangga
Indonesia

Siti N. Azizah, Researcher, Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga

Jl. Airlangga 4–6, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia



H. Puspitasari
Universitas Airlangga
Indonesia

Heni Puspitasari, Ph.D. in Veterinary Science, Researcher, Toxoplasma Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga

Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia



A. R. Khairullah
Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)
Indonesia

Aswin R. Khairullah, Ph.D. in Veterinary Science, Researcher, Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong, Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia



F. H. Nifa
IPB University
Indonesia

Firdha H. Nifa, Master of Science, Researcher, Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University

Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

 



V. Jakhmola
Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University
India

Vikash Jakhmola, Ph.D., Dean, Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University

Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India



A. N. M. Ansori
Zoonotic Pathogens and Global Health Research Group, Virtual Research Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (VRCBB); Universitas Airlangga; Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University
Indonesia

Arif N. M. Ansori, Ph.D. in Veterinary Science, Researcher, Postgraduate School, Universitas Airlangga

Jl. Airlangga 4–6, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia



T. H. Sucipto
Universitas Airlangga
Indonesia

Teguh Hari Sucipto, Master of Science in Chemistry, Researcher, Dengue Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga

Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia



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Kurniawan M.‘., Triadi B., Damayanti S., Azizah S.N., Puspitasari H., Khairullah A.R., Nifa F.H., Jakhmola V., Ansori A., Sucipto T.H. Anthrax in Indonesia: A One Health approach to zoonotic threats and integrated prevention strategies. Theory and practice of meat processing. 2025;10(3):211-225. https://doi.org/10.21323/2414-438X-2025-10-3-211-225

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