Anthrax in Indonesia: A One Health approach to zoonotic threats and integrated prevention strategies
M. ‘A. Kurniawan,
B. Triadi,
S. Damayanti,
S. N. Azizah,
H. Puspitasari,
A. R. Khairullah,
F. H. Nifa,
V. Jakhmola,
A. N. M. Ansori,
T. H. Sucipto https://doi.org/10.21323/2414-438X-2025-10-3-211-225
Abstract
Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis and remains a significant threat in Indonesia. The disease has a substantial impact on public health, livestock productivity, and economic stability, particularly in areas with traditional farming practices and limited animal health surveillance systems. This study aims to analyze the epidemiology of anthrax in Indonesia using the One Health approach, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health aspects. Data were collected from official government documents, such as the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, as well as scientific literature obtained from reputable databases. The results indicated that approximately 76 % of Indonesia is categorized as suspect areas for anthrax, while 14 % are infected areas, with the highest prevalence in Java, Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi. The primary risk factors include the consumption of non-veterinary inspected animal meat, unhygienic handling of carcasses, and the persistence of B. anthracis spores in the environment. Recommended control strategies include periodic livestock vaccination, conducting active surveillance, increasing public awareness, and enhancing the diagnostic laboratory's capacity. The One Health approach has proven effective in reducing the risk of cross-species transmission and improving responses to outbreaks. This study advocates for strengthening the integrated surveillance system, increasing synergy between sectors, and further research on the impact of climate change on zoonotic disease dynamics. With an integrated and collaborative strategy, Indonesia has a significant opportunity to control anthrax sustainably and enhance the resilience of public and animal health.
Supporting agencies: This study was funded by the Virtual Research Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Indonesia (RG/2025/05/03).
About the Authors
M. ‘A. Kurniawan
Universitas Airlangga; Zoonotic Pathogens and Global Health Research Group, Virtual Research Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (VRCBB)
Indonesia
Indonesia
Muhammad ‘Ahdi Kurniawan, Master of Science, Researcher, Master Program of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga
Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
B. Triadi
Universitas Airlangga
Indonesia
Indonesia
Baswendra Triadi, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Researcher, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga
Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
S. Damayanti
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Indonesia
Indonesia
Salsabila Damayanti, Master of Sociology, Researcher, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia
S. N. Azizah
Universitas Airlangga
Indonesia
Indonesia
Siti N. Azizah, Researcher, Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga
Jl. Airlangga 4–6, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
H. Puspitasari
Universitas Airlangga
Indonesia
Indonesia
Heni Puspitasari, Ph.D. in Veterinary Science, Researcher, Toxoplasma Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga
Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
A. R. Khairullah
Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)
Indonesia
Indonesia
Aswin R. Khairullah, Ph.D. in Veterinary Science, Researcher, Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)
Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong, Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia
F. H. Nifa
IPB University
Indonesia
Indonesia
Firdha H. Nifa, Master of Science, Researcher, Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University
Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
V. Jakhmola
Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University
India
India
Vikash Jakhmola, Ph.D., Dean, Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
A. N. M. Ansori
Zoonotic Pathogens and Global Health Research Group, Virtual Research Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (VRCBB); Universitas Airlangga; Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University
Indonesia
Indonesia
Arif N. M. Ansori, Ph.D. in Veterinary Science, Researcher, Postgraduate School, Universitas Airlangga
Jl. Airlangga 4–6, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, Indonesia
T. H. Sucipto
Universitas Airlangga
Indonesia
Indonesia
Teguh Hari Sucipto, Master of Science in Chemistry, Researcher, Dengue Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga
Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
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