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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">meat</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Theory and practice of meat processing</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Теория и практика переработки мяса</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2414-438X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2414-441X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБНУ «Федеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова» РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21323/2414-438X-2017-2-4-4-19</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">meat-75</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>AN INFLUENCE OF SPONTANEOUS MICROFLORA OF FERMENTED HORSEMEAT PRODUCTS ON THE FORMATION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PEPTIDES</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ВЛИЯНИЕ СПОНТАННОЙ МИКРОФЛОРЫ ФЕРМЕНТИРОВАННЫХ МЯСНЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ ИЗ КОНИНЫ НА ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫХ ПЕПТИДОВ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернуха</surname><given-names>И. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernukha</surname><given-names>I. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чернуха Ирина Михайловна — доктор технических наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, Руководитель научного направления центра.</p><p>109316, Москва, ул. Талалихина,26, тел.: раб. +7–495–676–97–18</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina M. Chernukha — doctor of technical sciences, professor, corresponding members of RAS, Head of the scientific direction of the center.</p><p>109316, Moscow, Talalikhina str., 26, Tel.: +7–495–676–97–18</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">imcher@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никонов</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikonov</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никонов Илья Николаевич — заместитель директора по науке и развитию.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Il’ya N. Nikonov  — deputy director for research and development.</p><p>196650, St. Petersburg, Kolpino, Izhorsky factory, 45, lit. ДВ, теl.: +7–812–322–85–50</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nikonov@biotrof.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Машенцева</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mashentseva</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Машенцева Наталья Геннадьевна — доктор технических наук, профессор РАН, заведующий кафедрой «Биотехнология и технология продуктов биоорганического синтеза».</p><p>125080, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, 11, тел.: +7–499–811–00–03, доб. 6883</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natal’ya G. Mashentseva  — doctor of technical sciences, professor RAS,, head of the Department of Biotechnology and Technology of Products of Bioorganic Synthesis.</p><p>125080, Moscow, Volokolamskoe sh., 11, tel.: +7–499–811–00–03, ext. 6883</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">natali-mng@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клабукова</surname><given-names>Д. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Klabukova</surname><given-names>D. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Клабукова Дарья Леонидовна — кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела технологий и препаратов на основе культур клеток.</p><p>127299, Москва, ул. Клары Цеткин, д.4, тел.: +7–495–459–06–64</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria L. Klabukova  — candidat of biological sciences, senior re‑ search scientist of Department of technologies and products based on cell cultures OJS.</p><p>127299, Moscow, Clary Tcetkin str., 4, tel.: +7–495–459–06–64</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">daria.klabukova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афанасьев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Afanasev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Афанасьев Дмитрий Александрович — студент, Институт инновационных технологий и биоиндустрии продуктов питания.</p><p>125080 г. Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, 11, Тел.: +7–985–456–77–82</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitrii A. Afanasev — student, Institute of Innovative Technologies and Bioindustry of Food Products.</p><p>125080, Moscow, Volokolamskoe sh., 11, tel.: +7–985–456–77–82</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitr.afanasjew2010@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалев</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalyov</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ковалев Леонид Иванович — доктор биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории биомедицинских исследований.</p><p>119071, Москва, Ленинский проспект, д.33, стр. 2, тел.: раб. +7–495–952–58–86</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leonid I. Kovalyov — doctor of biological sciences, leading research scientist of the biomedical research laboratory.</p><p>119071, Moscow, Leninsky prospekt, 33 bldg. 2, Phone: +7–495–952–58–86</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kovalyov@inbi.ras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ильина</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilina</surname><given-names>L. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ильина Лариса Александровна — кандидат биологических наук, начальник лаборатории.</p><p>196650, С.‑Петербург, Колпино, Ижорский Завод, д. 45, литера ДВ, тел.: +7–812–322–85–50</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Larisa A. Ilina — candidat of biological sciences, head of laboratory.</p><p>196650, St. Petersburg, Kolpino, Izhorsky factory, 45, lit. DV, теl.: +7–812–322–85–50</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ilina@biotrof.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>OOO «БИОТРОФ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>«BIOTROPH» Limited</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет пищевых производств</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow state university of food production</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт прикладной биохимии и машиностроения «Биохиммаш»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Applied Biochemistry and Mechanical Engineering «Biochimmash»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный исследовательский центр «Фундаментальные основы биотехнологии» Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>01</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Chernukha I.M., Nikonov I.N., Mashentseva N.G., Klabukova D.L., Afanasev D.A., Kovalyov L.I., Ilina L.А., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чернуха И.М., Никонов И.Н., Машенцева Н.Г., Клабукова Д.Л., Афанасьев Д.А., Ковалев Л.И., Ильина Л.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chernukha I.M., Nikonov I.N., Mashentseva N.G., Klabukova D.L., Afanasev D.A., Kovalyov L.I., Ilina L.А.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.meatjournal.ru/jour/article/view/75">https://www.meatjournal.ru/jour/article/view/75</self-uri><abstract><p>At present, different methods are used to accumulate functional peptides in meat raw materials, including the use of spontaneous microflora during autolysis, the use of the microbial enzymes (the application of starter cultures) and the use of the non-microbial enzymes (enzymes of animals and plant origin). Each method has its own specific characteristics of an impact on raw materials, which requires their detail study. This paper examines an effect of spontaneous microflora of fermented meat products from horsemeat on formation of biologically active peptides. Using the T-RFLP analysis, it was established that in air dried and uncooked smoked sausages produced with the use of the muscle tissue of horsemeat as a raw material, a significant proportion of microflora was presented by lactic acid microorganisms. The highest content of lactic acid microflora was observed in sample 1 (52.45 %), and the least in sample 3 (29.62 %). Sample 2 had the medium percent content of microflora compared to samples 1 and 3 — 38.82 %. It is necessary to note that about 25 % of microflora was unculturable; i.e., it had metabolic processes but did not grow on culture media. In the samples, the representatives of Actinobacteria and Pseudomonadales were found. Pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microflora was not detected. Not only quantitative but also qualitative changes were observed in the studied samples. For example, in samples 1 and 2, the fractions of amilo-1,6-glucosidase, fast-type muscle myosin-binding-protein C; glucose-6-phosphate isomerase; fast skeletal muscle troponin I, phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase and skeletal muscle actin were found, which were absent or reduced in sample 3. Therefore, in the studied product, good preservation of the main spectra of muscle proteins was observed, and the identified fractions, apparently, can be sources of new functional peptides. Not only quantitative but also qualitative changes were observed in the studied samples. For example, in samples 1 and 2, the C-terminal fragments of the myosin heavy chain were found, which were absent in sample 3. Also, the significant content of myoglobin was revealed in samples 2 and 3, and the myosin light chain was found in sample 1. Therefore, in the studied product, good preservation of muscle proteins myosin and myoglobin, which can be a source of new functional peptides, was observed. Based on the results of tandem mass-spectrometry, the proteins and natural short peptides present in the analyzed extracts were identified by the obtained masses. They belonged mainly to different peptides of equine myoglobin. Also, we identified several fragments, among which fast skeletal muscle troponin T and muscle creatine kinase were found. The obtained materials can be regarded as an experimental basis for the directed impact of starter cultures with a possibility to predict the protein and peptide composition of a finished product including with the aim of obtaining biologically active peptides.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В настоящее время для накопления в мясном сырье функциональных пептидов используют различные методы, в том числе включающие использование спонтанной микрофлоры в ходе автолиза, использование ферментов микробного происхождения (применение стартовых культур) и использование ферментов немикробного происхождения (ферменты животного и растительного происхождения).  Каждый из методов имеет свои специфические особенности воздействия на сырье, что требует их детального изучения. В данной статье рассматривается влияние спонтанной микрофлоры ферментированных мясных продуктов из конины на образование биологически активных пептидов. С использованием T-RFLP-анализа установлено, что в составе микрофлоры сыровяленой и сырокопченой колбас, произведенных с использованием мышечной ткани конины в виде мясного сырья, значительная часть микрофлоры представлена молочнокислыми микроорганизмами. Так, наибольшее содержание молочнокислой микрофлоры наблюдается в образце № 1 (52,45 %), а наименьшее — в образце № 3 (29,62 %). В образце № 2 наблюдается среднее процентное содержание микрофлоры по сравнению с образцами № 1 и № 3 — 38,82 %. Следует также отметить, что приблизительно 25 % микрофлоры относится к некультивируемой, т.е. имеющей метаболические процессы, но не дающей роста на питательных средах. В образцах обнаружены представители актиномицетов и псевдомонад. Патогенной и условно-патогенной микрофлоры не обнаружено. Сравнительное протеомное исследование методом электрофореза трех видов колбас из конины, выработанных с использованием стартовых культур по различным технологиям, показало количественные и качественные различия по нескольким белковым фракциям. Наибольшее отличие в количестве белковых полос наблюдается между образцами № 1/№ 2 и № 3. Белковый профиль конины в образце № 3 имел значительное количественное отличие от белковых профилей образцов № 1 и № 2. Так, количественное содержание белковых полос в образце № 3 в диапазоне молекулярных масс 45–250 кДа всего 4, в то время как в образцах № 1 и № 2 их вдвое больше. В исследуемых образцах наблюдаются не только количественные, но и качественные изменения. Так, в образце № 1 и № 2 обнаружены фракции амило-1,6-глюкозидазы, миозин связывающего белка С быстрого типа,  глюкозо-6-фосфат изомеразы, тропонина I быстрых скелетных мышц, фосфоглицераткиназы, пируваткиназы и скелетномышечного актина, отсутствующие или уменьшающиеся в образце №3. Таким образом, в исследуемой продукции наблюдалась  сохранность основного спектра мышечных белков, а идентифицированные фракции очевидно, могут быть источниками новых функциональных пептидов. По результатам тандемной масс-спектрометрии по полученным массам были идентифицированы природные короткие пептиды, которые присутствовали в анализируемых экстрактах. В основном все они относились к разным пептидам конского миоглобина.  Также было идентифицировано несколько фрагментов, среди которых обнаруживались тропонин-Т скелетномышечный быстрого типа и мышечная креатинкиназа. Полученные материалы можно рассматривать как экспериментальную основу для направленного воздействия стартовых культур с возможностью прогнозирования белкового и пептидного состава готового продукта, в т.ч. с целью получения биологически активных пептидов в них.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пептиды</kwd><kwd>Lactobacillus</kwd><kwd>T-RFLP</kwd><kwd>одномерный электрофорез</kwd><kwd>двумерный электрофорез</kwd><kwd>протеомика</kwd><kwd>конина</kwd><kwd>мясные продукты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>peptides</kwd><kwd>Lactobacillus</kwd><kwd>T-RFLP</kwd><kwd>one-dimensional electrophoresis</kwd><kwd>two-dimensional electrophoresis</kwd><kwd>proteomics</kwd><kwd>horsemeat</kwd><kwd>meat products</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hood, L., Flores, M. (2012). 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