meatTheory and practice of meat processingТеория и практика переработки мяса2414-438X2414-441XФГБНУ «Федеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова» РАН10.21323/2414-438X-2022-7-4-265-272meat-237Research ArticleСтатьиStudy of adipose tissue of Kemerovo piglets: Detection of beige adipocyteshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8923-8661PchelkinaV. A.

Viktoriya A. Pchelkina, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Leading Researcher, Experimental Clinic-Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances of Animal Origin

26, Talalikhina str., 109316, Moscow

v.pchelkina@fncps.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4298-0927ChernukhaI. M.

Irina M. Chernukha, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Academician of RAS, Principal Researcher, Experimental Clinic-Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances of Animal Origin

26, Talalikhina str., 109316, Moscow

imcher@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7623-0940KorotkiyI. A.

Igor A. Korotkiy, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Heat and Refrigeration Engineering

6, Krasnaya Str., 650056, Kemerovo

krot69@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7980-3193IlyinN. A.

Nikolai A. Ilyin, Senior Laboratory Assistant, Experimental Clinic-Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances of Animal Origin

26, Talalikhina str., 109316, Moscow

n.ilin@fncps.ruV.M.Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RASRussian FederationKemerovo State UniversityRussian Federation20222712202274265272Copyright © Pchelkina V.A., Chernukha I.M., Korotkiy I.A., Ilyin N.A., 20222022Pchelkina V.A., Chernukha I.M., Korotkiy I.A., Ilyin N.A.Pchelkina V.A., Chernukha I.M., Korotkiy I.A., Ilyin N.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.meatjournal.ru/jour/article/view/237

Animals have two types of adipose tissue differing in structure and function: white (WAT) and brown (BAT). Beige adipose tissue (BeAT) is a result of WAT browning, when beige adipocytes appear between white adipocytes in response to exposure to cold, diet or physical activity. BeAT shares morphological and biochemical characteristics with BAT, is thermogenic and dissipates energy in the form of heat, unlike WAT, which is responsible for energy storage. Pigs do not have classic BAT, and modern breeds are sensitive to cold. There is literature information that BeAT has been found in cold-resistant pigs. The aim of the work was to study adipose tissue of piglets of the Kemerovo cold-resistant breed under growing conditions in the cold season and to identify the localization of BeAT. Histological studies have shown two types of adipocytes in subcutaneous fat samples (lateral, backfat and axillary): white, with one large fat droplet, and beige, multilocular. Larger cells were detected in backfat fat (69.36±12.98 µm) compared with lateral (53.25±9.27 µm) and axillary fat (45.94±8.29 µm). Only WAT with a diameter of 35.69±6.96 µm was present in the internal perirenal fat. Raman spectroscopy was used to evaluate the overall fatty acid profile of the tested samples. The main peaks were noted in all samples: 970 cm-1 (=C-H out-of-plane bend), 1266/1272 cm-1 (=C-H symmetrical rock) and 1655 cm-1 (C=C stretching) responsible for unsaturated bonds, and signals at 1297/1301 cm-1 (CH2 twisting), 1430/1460 cm-1 (CH2 symmetrical deformation (scissoring)) and 1735/1746 cm-1 (C=O stretching) corresponding to saturated bonds or ester groups. Internal perirenal fat contained the largest number of saturated fatty acid bonds, subcutaneous axillary fat — the smallest. The average intensity of the peaks was 0.4801010 and 0.639995, respectively. According to the results of gas chromatography, the largest amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids was noted in the subcutaneous fat samples: 20.199 in backfat fat, 21.749 in lateral and 20.436 in axillary fat compared to 18.636 in internal fat. Activation of beige cells in Kemerovo pigs under cold exposure, according to the authors, plays a crucial role in the heat balance, allowing them to tolerate cold without severe shivering. The study of the BeAT formation is of great practical importance for changing energy metabolism and increasing thermogenesis in newborn piglets by genome editing, as well as for improving the quality of pig’s fat.

pigshistologywhite adipocytesbeige adipocyteslocalizationmorphometryRaman spectroscopyfatty acid compositionThis work was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) (project No. 21–76–20032)ReferencesAli, A. T., Hochfeld, W. E., Myburgh, R., Pepper, M. S. (2013). Adipocyte and adipogenesis. European Journal of Cell Biology, 92(6–7), 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.06.001Ali, A. T., Hochfeld, W. E., Myburgh, R., Pepper, M. S. (2013). Adipocyte and adipogenesis. European Journal of Cell Biology, 92(6–7), 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.06.001Cheng, L., Wang, J., Dai, H., Duan, Y., An, Y., Shi, L. et al. (2021). Brown and beige adipose tissue: a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adipocyte, 10(1), 48–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/21623945.2020.1870060Cheng, L., Wang, J., Dai, H., Duan, Y., An, Y., Shi, L. et al. (2021). Brown and beige adipose tissue: a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adipocyte, 10(1), 48–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/21623945.2020.1870060Chu, D.-T., Gawronska-Kozak, B. (2017). Brown and brite adipocytes: Same function, but different origin and response. Biochimie, 138, 102–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2017.04.017Chu, D.-T., Gawronska-Kozak, B. (2017). Brown and brite adipocytes: Same function, but different origin and response. Biochimie, 138, 102–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2017.04.017Pilkington, A.-C., Paz, H.A., Wankhade, U.D. (2021). Beige adipose tissue identification and marker specificity — Overview. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, Article 599134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.599134Pilkington, A.-C., Paz, H.A., Wankhade, U.D. (2021). Beige adipose tissue identification and marker specificity — Overview. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, Article 599134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.599134Cohen, P., Kajimura, S. (2021). The cellular and functional complexity of thermogenic fat. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 22(6), 393–409. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580–021–00350–0Cohen, P., Kajimura, S. (2021). The cellular and functional complexity of thermogenic fat. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 22(6), 393–409. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580–021–00350–0Poklukar, K., Čandek-Potokar, M., Lukač, N.B., Tomažin, U., Škrlep, M. (2020). Lipid deposition and metabolism in local and modern pig breeds: A review. Animals, 10(3), Article 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030424Poklukar, K., Čandek-Potokar, M., Lukač, N.B., Tomažin, U., Škrlep, M. (2020). Lipid deposition and metabolism in local and modern pig breeds: A review. Animals, 10(3), Article 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030424Monziols, M., Bonneau, M., Davenel, A., Kouba, M. (2007). Comparison of the lipid content and fatty acid composition of intermuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues in pig carcasses. Meat Science, 76(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.10.013Monziols, M., Bonneau, M., Davenel, A., Kouba, M. (2007). Comparison of the lipid content and fatty acid composition of intermuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues in pig carcasses. Meat Science, 76(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.10.013Chernukha, I.M., Fedulova, L.V., Kotenkova, E.A. (2022). White, beige and brown adipose tissue: structure, function, specific features and possibility formation and divergence in pigs. Foods and Raw Materials, 10(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308–4057–2022–1–10–18Chernukha, I.M., Fedulova, L.V., Kotenkova, E.A. (2022). White, beige and brown adipose tissue: structure, function, specific features and possibility formation and divergence in pigs. Foods and Raw Materials, 10(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308–4057–2022–1–10–18Lin, J., Cao, C, Tao, C., Ye, R., Dong, M., Zheng, Q. et al. (2017). Cold adaptation in pigs depends on UCP3 in beige adipocytes. Journal of Molecular Cell Biology, 9(5), 364–375. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjx018Lin, J., Cao, C, Tao, C., Ye, R., Dong, M., Zheng, Q. et al. (2017). Cold adaptation in pigs depends on UCP3 in beige adipocytes. Journal of Molecular Cell Biology, 9(5), 364–375. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjx018Zhao, J., Tao, C., Chen, C., Wang, Y., Liu, T. (2021). Formation of thermogenic adipocytes: What we have learned from pigs. Fundamental Research, 1(4), 495–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2021.05.004Zhao, J., Tao, C., Chen, C., Wang, Y., Liu, T. (2021). Formation of thermogenic adipocytes: What we have learned from pigs. Fundamental Research, 1(4), 495–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2021.05.004Kharzinova, V.R., Zhuchaev, K.V., Kostyunina, O.V., Kochneva, M.L., Chydym, S.M., Zinovieva, N.A. (2017). Molecular-genetic identification and certification of Kemerovo breed of pigs based on STR-analysis. Achievements of Science and Technology of the Agro-Industrial Complex, 31(6), 62–64. (In Russian)Kharzinova, V.R., Zhuchaev, K.V., Kostyunina, O.V., Kochneva, M.L., Chydym, S.M., Zinovieva, N.A. (2017). Molecular-genetic identification and certification of Kemerovo breed of pigs based on STR-analysis. Achievements of Science and Technology of the Agro-Industrial Complex, 31(6), 62–64. (In Russian)Comparative table for pig breeds. Meatinfo Retrieved from: https://meatinfo.ru/info/show?id=58. Accessed September 20, 2022 (In Russian)Comparative table for pig breeds. Meatinfo Retrieved from: https://meatinfo.ru/info/show?id=58. Accessed September 20, 2022 (In Russian)Bekenev, V.A., Arishin, A.A., Mager, S.N., Bolshakova, I.V., Tretyakova, N.L., Kashtanova, E.V. at al. (2021). Lipid profile of pig tissues contrasting in meat production. The Natural Products Journal, 11(1), 108–118. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210315509666191203124902Bekenev, V.A., Arishin, A.A., Mager, S.N., Bolshakova, I.V., Tretyakova, N.L., Kashtanova, E.V. at al. (2021). Lipid profile of pig tissues contrasting in meat production. The Natural Products Journal, 11(1), 108–118. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210315509666191203124902Bekenev, V.A., Deeva, V.S., Arishin, A.A., Chernukha, I.M., Botan, I.V., Tretyakova, N.L. (2016). Usage of pig breeding bioresources in quality of pork. Vestnik NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), 3(40), 176–184 (In Russian)Bekenev, V.A., Deeva, V.S., Arishin, A.A., Chernukha, I.M., Botan, I.V., Tretyakova, N.L. (2016). Usage of pig breeding bioresources in quality of pork. Vestnik NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), 3(40), 176–184 (In Russian)Serra, X., Gil, F., Pérez-Enciso, M., Oliver, M.A., Vázquez, J.M., Gispert, M. et al. (1998). A comparison of carcass, meat quality and histochemical characteristics of Iberian (Guadyerbas line) and Landrace pigs. Livestock Production Science, 56(3), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301–6226(98)00151–1Serra, X., Gil, F., Pérez-Enciso, M., Oliver, M.A., Vázquez, J.M., Gispert, M. et al. (1998). A comparison of carcass, meat quality and histochemical characteristics of Iberian (Guadyerbas line) and Landrace pigs. Livestock Production Science, 56(3), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301–6226(98)00151–1Renaudeau, D., Mourot, J. (2007). A comparison of carcass and meat quality characteristics of Creole and Large White pigs slaughtered at 90kg BW. Meat Science, 76(1), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.10.024Renaudeau, D., Mourot, J. (2007). A comparison of carcass and meat quality characteristics of Creole and Large White pigs slaughtered at 90kg BW. Meat Science, 76(1), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.10.024Alfonso, L., Mourot, J., Insausti, K., Mendizabal, J. A., Arana, A. (2005). Comparative description of growth, fat deposition, carcass and meat quality characteristics of Basque and Large White pigs. Animal Research, 54(1) 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1051/animres:2005001Alfonso, L., Mourot, J., Insausti, K., Mendizabal, J. A., Arana, A. (2005). Comparative description of growth, fat deposition, carcass and meat quality characteristics of Basque and Large White pigs. Animal Research, 54(1) 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1051/animres:2005001Lebret, B., Dourmad, J.Y., Mourot, J., Pollet, P.Y., Gondret, F. (2014). Production performance, carcass composition, and adipose tissue traits of heavy pigs: Influence of breed and production system. Journal of Animal Science, 92(8), 3543–3556. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013–7398Lebret, B., Dourmad, J.Y., Mourot, J., Pollet, P.Y., Gondret, F. (2014). Production performance, carcass composition, and adipose tissue traits of heavy pigs: Influence of breed and production system. Journal of Animal Science, 92(8), 3543–3556. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013–7398Nakajima, I., Oe, M., Ojima, K., Muroya, S., Shibata, M., Chikuni, K. (2011). Cellularity of developing subcutaneous adipose tissue in Landrace and Meishan pigs: Adipocyte size differences between two breeds. Animal Science Journal, 82(1), 144–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740–0929.2010.00810.xNakajima, I., Oe, M., Ojima, K., Muroya, S., Shibata, M., Chikuni, K. (2011). Cellularity of developing subcutaneous adipose tissue in Landrace and Meishan pigs: Adipocyte size differences between two breeds. Animal Science Journal, 82(1), 144–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740–0929.2010.00810.xKojima, M., Nakajima, I., Arakawa, A., Mikawa, S., Matsumoto, T., Uenishi, H. et al. (2018). Differences in gene expression profiles for subcutaneous adipose, liver, and skeletal muscle tissues between Meishan and Landrace pigs with different backfat thicknesses. PloS ONE, 13(9), Article e0204135. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204135Kojima, M., Nakajima, I., Arakawa, A., Mikawa, S., Matsumoto, T., Uenishi, H. et al. (2018). Differences in gene expression profiles for subcutaneous adipose, liver, and skeletal muscle tissues between Meishan and Landrace pigs with different backfat thicknesses. PloS ONE, 13(9), Article e0204135. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204135Zhang, D., Wu, W., Huang, X., Xu, K., Zheng, C., Zhang, J. (2021). Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles in differentiated subcutaneous adipocytes between Jiaxing Black and Large White pigs. BMC Genomics, 22(1), Article 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864–020–07361–9Zhang, D., Wu, W., Huang, X., Xu, K., Zheng, C., Zhang, J. (2021). Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles in differentiated subcutaneous adipocytes between Jiaxing Black and Large White pigs. BMC Genomics, 22(1), Article 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864–020–07361–9Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Official Journal of the European Union, L 276/33 Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:276:0033:0079:en:PDF Accessed September 16, 2022Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Official Journal of the European Union, L 276/33 Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:276:0033:0079:en:PDF Accessed September 16, 2022European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes. European Treaty Series — No. 123. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/168007a67b Accessed September 16, 2022European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes. European Treaty Series — No. 123. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/168007a67b Accessed September 16, 2022Romeis B. (1989). Microscopic technique. München: Urban und Schwarzenberg, 1989. (In German)Romeis B. (1989). Microscopic technique. München: Urban und Schwarzenberg, 1989. (In German)Velotto, S., Claudia, V., Crasto, A. (2012). Muscle fibre types, fat deposition and fatty acid profile of Casertana versus Large White pig. Animal Science Papers and Reports, 30(1), 35–44.Velotto, S., Claudia, V., Crasto, A. (2012). Muscle fibre types, fat deposition and fatty acid profile of Casertana versus Large White pig. Animal Science Papers and Reports, 30(1), 35–44.Lee, J.-Y., Park, J.-H., Mun, H., Shim, W.-B., Lim, S.-H., Kim, M.-G. (2018). Quantitative analysis of lard in animal fat mixture using visible Raman spectroscopy. Food Chemistry, 254, 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.185Lee, J.-Y., Park, J.-H., Mun, H., Shim, W.-B., Lim, S.-H., Kim, M.-G. (2018). Quantitative analysis of lard in animal fat mixture using visible Raman spectroscopy. Food Chemistry, 254, 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.185Louveau, I., Perruchot, M.-H., Bonnet, M., Gondret, F. (2016). Invited review: Pre- and postnatal adipose tissue development in farm animals: From stem cells to adipocyte physiology. Animal, 10(11), 1839–1847. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116000872Louveau, I., Perruchot, M.-H., Bonnet, M., Gondret, F. (2016). Invited review: Pre- and postnatal adipose tissue development in farm animals: From stem cells to adipocyte physiology. Animal, 10(11), 1839–1847. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116000872Kloareg, M., Noblet, J., van Milgen, J. (2007). Deposition of dietary fatty acids, de novo synthesis and anatomical partitioning of fatty acids in finishing pigs. British Journal of Nutrition, 97(1), 35– 44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507205793Kloareg, M., Noblet, J., van Milgen, J. (2007). Deposition of dietary fatty acids, de novo synthesis and anatomical partitioning of fatty acids in finishing pigs. British Journal of Nutrition, 97(1), 35– 44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507205793Pchelkina, V.A., Chernukha, I.M., Fedulova, L.V., Ilyin, N.A. (2022). Raman spectroscopic techniques for meat analysis: A review. Theory and Practice of Meat Processing, 7(2), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.21323/2414–438X-2022–7–2–97–111Pchelkina, V.A., Chernukha, I.M., Fedulova, L.V., Ilyin, N.A. (2022). Raman spectroscopic techniques for meat analysis: A review. Theory and Practice of Meat Processing, 7(2), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.21323/2414–438X-2022–7–2–97–111Beattie, J.R., Bell, S.E.J, Borgaard, C., Fearon, A., Moss, B.W. (2006). Prediction of adipose tissue composition using Raman spectroscopy: Average properties and individual fatty acids. Lipids, 41(3), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745–006–5099–1Beattie, J.R., Bell, S.E.J, Borgaard, C., Fearon, A., Moss, B.W. (2006). Prediction of adipose tissue composition using Raman spectroscopy: Average properties and individual fatty acids. Lipids, 41(3), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745–006–5099–1Berhe, D.T., Eskildsen, C.E., Lametsch, R., Hviid, M.S., van den Berg, F., Engelsen, S.B. (2016). Prediction of total fatty acid parameters and individual fatty acids in pork backfat using Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics: Understanding the cage of covariance between highly correlated fat parameters. Meat Science, 111, 18– 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.08.009Berhe, D.T., Eskildsen, C.E., Lametsch, R., Hviid, M.S., van den Berg, F., Engelsen, S.B. (2016). Prediction of total fatty acid parameters and individual fatty acids in pork backfat using Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics: Understanding the cage of covariance between highly correlated fat parameters. Meat Science, 111, 18– 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.08.009Saleem, M., Amin, A., Irfan, M. (2021). Raman spectroscopy based characterization of cow, goat and buffalo fats. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 58(1), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197–020–04535-xSaleem, M., Amin, A., Irfan, M. (2021). Raman spectroscopy based characterization of cow, goat and buffalo fats. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 58(1), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197–020–04535-xCzamara, K., Majzner, K., Pacia, M., Kochan, K., Kaczor, A., Baranska, M. (2014). Raman spectroscopy of lipids: A review. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 46, 4–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.4607Czamara, K., Majzner, K., Pacia, M., Kochan, K., Kaczor, A., Baranska, M. (2014). Raman spectroscopy of lipids: A review. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 46, 4–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.4607De Gelder, J., De Gussem, K., Vandenabeele, P., Moens, L. (2007). Reference database of Raman spectra of biological molecules. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 38, 1133–1147. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1734De Gelder, J., De Gussem, K., Vandenabeele, P., Moens, L. (2007). Reference database of Raman spectra of biological molecules. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 38, 1133–1147. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1734Afseth, N.K., Dankel, K., Andersen, P.V., Difford, G.F., Horn, S.S., Sonesson, A. et al. (2022). Raman and near Infrared Spectroscopy for quantification of fatty acids in muscle tissue –A salmon case study. Foods, 11(7), Article 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11070962Afseth, N.K., Dankel, K., Andersen, P.V., Difford, G.F., Horn, S.S., Sonesson, A. et al. (2022). Raman and near Infrared Spectroscopy for quantification of fatty acids in muscle tissue –A salmon case study. Foods, 11(7), Article 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11070962de Tonnac, A., Guillevic, M., Mourot, J. (2018). Fatty acid composition of several muscles and adipose tissues of pigs fed n-3 PUFA rich diets. Meat Science, 140, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.11.023de Tonnac, A., Guillevic, M., Mourot, J. (2018). Fatty acid composition of several muscles and adipose tissues of pigs fed n-3 PUFA rich diets. Meat Science, 140, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.11.023Jiang, Q., Li, C., Yu, Y., Xing, Y., Xiao, D., Zhang, B. (2018). Comparison of fatty acid profile of three adipose tissues in Ningxiang pigs. Animal Nutrition, 4(3), 256–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2018.05.006Jiang, Q., Li, C., Yu, Y., Xing, Y., Xiao, D., Zhang, B. (2018). Comparison of fatty acid profile of three adipose tissues in Ningxiang pigs. Animal Nutrition, 4(3), 256–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2018.05.006Lee, J.-H., Yamamoto, I., Jeong, J.-S., Nade, T., Arai, T., Kimura, N. (2011). Relationship between adipose maturity and fatty acid composition in various adipose tissues of Japanese Black, Holstein and Crossbred (F1) steers. Animal Science Journal, 82, 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740–0929.2011.00893.xLee, J.-H., Yamamoto, I., Jeong, J.-S., Nade, T., Arai, T., Kimura, N. (2011). Relationship between adipose maturity and fatty acid composition in various adipose tissues of Japanese Black, Holstein and Crossbred (F1) steers. Animal Science Journal, 82, 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740–0929.2011.00893.x

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.